Carniola (Slovenian Kranjska, German Krain) is a region in Slovenia.

Carniola formed part of the Roman province of Pannonia. Later Langobards settled in the area, followed by Slovenians (around the 6th century). Following periods of Bavarian, Frankish and local rule, the Austrian Habsburgs controlled the territory almost continuously from (1335 to 1918), but many Turkish raids and peasant rebellions occurred (15th - 17th centuries). From about 900 until the 20th century the ruling classes spoke German.

Carniola became part of the Illyrian provinces of France (1809 - 1814). Austria-Hungary re-organized the territory in (1849).

The capital of Carniola, originally situated at Kranj, later moved to Ljubljana. The province ceased to exist in 1918, when it became part of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.