Jacqueline Livingston is a photographer known for her work exploring woman's role as artist and person, and investigating the boundaries of intimacy and propriety. She was a photography and art professor at Cornell University until expelled in summer of 1978 from academia for her pictures of nude males (her young son, her husband and her father-in-law). In the mid-seventies, Livingston had begun exploring male sexuality in her work as "a way to overcome the distance she felt from the male body." Upon inquiring as to the cause of her (illegal) firing, Livingston reported she was told by the chair of the art faculty that: "You can't be a feminist and expect to be on this campus - furthermore, you can't photograph male genitalia."

Although never formally charged, Livingston became one of the first targets of the newly created child pornography legislation that took effect in the late seventies. She was threatened with prosecution under child pornography laws, and was investigated by the Department of Social Services for alleged child abuse, after the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children charged her with producing child pornography. By 1980 the charges were dropped.

In 1982 Livingston opened a gallery in Soho which was kept under surveillance by the FBI on suspicion of child pornography.

About her troubles with censorship, Connie Samaras , a feminist writer and artist who is a professor of art at UC Irvine, writes:

• Of all her images, though, it was this series of her then six year old son masturbating which caused her the most trouble. Like many photographers, Livingston was in the habit of photographing her child since birth. Thus, by the time he reached six, he was completely comfortable with the camera. Moreover, Livingston and his father tried to provide a climate for their son in which nudity was nothing to be ashamed of. The images you're looking at are a grid of nine photographs of her young son sitting cross-legged. His head has been cropped and the focal point is his torso. As Livingston was taking these her son began to masturbate spontaneously, a sight, I'm sure, not unfamiliar to any parent. Rather than shaming her son into stopping or shaming herself into not taking pictures, Livingston continued to photograph.

Regarding Livingston's art, Samaras states that:

• Livingston viewed her work as a means to change prescriptive notions about women's sexuality and women's artistic production, not as a vehicle to transcend an unalterable material world.

Discussing child rearing, Livingston states that:

• Wilhelm Reich's book "The Mass Psychology of Fascism" influenced my thinking about child rearing. According to Reich, being raised in sexual freedom (i.e. masturbation is healthy, premarital sex and sex education are a person's human right) is the first step in structuring personalities who will not follow authority.

Later she was part of a lengthy class-action lawsuit (Zahorik vs. Cornell University, lasting from 1980 to 1985) against Cornell, alleging sex-based employment discrimination. In 1985, Livingston, writing in the Cornell Daily Sun claimed that the dean had warned the chief plaintiff, Donna Zahorik, not to pursue litigation because the university would "destroy her emotionally and financially." After five years of litigation and the expense of 2.5 million dollars in legal fees by the university, the suit was settled out of court for a derisory sum. Livingston later stated that the members of the class action suit were embarrassed to have her as one of the litigants and told her to "stop photographing nudes."

Livingston was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1992 and was subsequently involved with organizing a breast cancer support group called the Ithaca Breast Cancer Alliance.

Of her work, critic Jonathan Green writes:

• Livingston's photographs reverse, or at least equalize, the usual relationship of male dominance and female submission; they also invert the method of traditional extended portrait, in which the male photographer focuses on the nude female.

Her work is in the collections of major museums including the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the Museums of Modern Art in New York and San Francisco.

See also

• Censorship

External links

• DEPOP article by Connie Samaras .
• My Story, by Jaqueline Livingston (1994)