A kolkhoz (Russian: колхо́з) was a form of collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with state farms or sovkhozes. The word is a contraction of коллекти́вное хозя́йство, or "collective household". The latter term is a usually translated "collective farm".

In a kolkhoz, a member was paid a share of the farm's product and profit according to the number of workdays (Russian: трудоде́нь; transliteration: trudoden), while sovkhozes employed salaried workers.

See Collectivisation in the USSR and Agriculture of the Soviet Union for general discussion of Soviet agriculture, its history and efficiency.