Sophia Charlotte of Hanover was born on October 20, 1668, at Schloss Iburg near Osnabrück. She was the daughter of Sophia of Hanover and Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. She married Frederick I of Prussia, became Queen of Prussia, and their only child to grow up became Frederick William I of Prussia.

Sophia Charlotte was known for her friendship and correspondence with the philosopher and scientist Gottfried Leibniz, who had been her mother's tutor.

Sophia Charlotte died of pneumonia on January 21, 1705, only 36 years old.