The Shuttle Orbiter Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle built for NASA. It was initially constructed without engines or a functional heat shield and was therefore not capable of space operations without a refit. It was intended to be the second space shuttle to fly after the Space Shuttle Columbia even though Enterprise was built first; however, it was found to be cheaper to refit a test article (STA-099) into the Space Shuttle Challenger. Similarly, it was considered for refit to replace Challenger, but Space Shuttle Endeavour was built from spares instead.

Originally planned to be called Constitution, a write-in campaign caused the test vehicle to be renamed after the starship Enterprise, featured on the television show Star Trek. Most of the cast of the original series, as well as Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry were on hand at the dedication ceremony, and the show's theme music was played. A mural in the captain's office in Star Trek: The Next Generation depicts this Space Shuttle as one of the starship's own namesakes, and images in the opening credits of the series Star Trek: Enterprise pay similar tribute. Oddly, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine later pictured a model of the International Space Station with the Space Shuttle Enterprise docked with it, despite the fact that Enterprise has never been fitted for launch into space.

Enterprise was used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT for "Approach and Landing Test". These tests included a maiden "flight" on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 shuttle carrier aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight. These ALT tests took place at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned in order to test the shuttle flight control systems.

Finally, Enterprise underwent five free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These tests verified the craft's flight characteristics and were carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations. See ALT table below for complete list of ALT flight tests.

Following the ALT program, Enterprise was ferried between several NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. Ultimately it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters and tested in a launch configuration.

With the completion of critical testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to allow certain components to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent a world tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the US states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana. It was also used to fit-check the never-used shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.

Enterprise was at the Smithsonian's hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport before being moved to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles, where it is on display.

According to NASA's Dr. Jesco Von Puttkamer, Enterprise was not allowed to launch into space because the excessive vibration testing made the vehicle unspaceworthy and unsafe for Astronauts to fly. NASA engineers were allowed to find out the shuttles weakest areas by shaking the Enterprise almost to pieces. It would have been too costly to repair, so it was sent to Silver Hill.

In 2003, after the breakup of the Shuttle Columbia during re-entry, fiberglass panels were removed from Enterprise, to undergo testing [1]. The single test involved firing a piece of foam at high velocity at the panel. A piece of foam, covering the external fuel tank, broke off and struck the leading edge of Columbia's left wing during launch. It was widely speculated that this impact caused a breach of the vehicle, allowing in super-heated gases during re-entry, leading to Columbia's destruction. During the test, while the panels were not broken, the impact was enough to expose a seal between them.

Enterprise ALT flights

Test Flight	Date	Speed	Altitude	Crew	Duration	Comment
Taxi Test #1	February 15, 1977	89 mph 143 km/h	taxi	none	taxi	Concrete runway, tailcone on
Taxi Test #2	February 15, 1977	140 mph 225 km/h	taxi	none	taxi	Concrete runway, tailcone on
Taxi Test #3	February 15, 1977	157 mph 253 km/h	taxi	none	taxi	Concrete runway, tailcone on
Captive-Inert Flight #1	February 18, 1977	287 mph 462 km/h	16,000 ft 4,877 m	none	2 hrs 5 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Inert Flight #2	February 22, 1977	328 mph 528 km/h	22,600 ft 6,888 m	none	3 hrs 13 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Inert Flight #3	February 25, 1977	425 mph 684 km/h	26,600 ft 8,108 m	none	2 hrs 28 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Inert Flight #4	February 28, 1977	425 mph 684 km/h	28,565 ft 8,707 m	none	2 hrs 11 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Inert Flight #5	March 2, 1977	474 mph 763 km/h	30,000 ft 9,144 m	none	1 hrs 39 min	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Active Flight #1	June 18, 1977	208 mph 335 km/h	14,970 ft 4,563 m	Fred Haise, Gordon Fullerton	55 min 46 sec	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Active Flight #2	June 28, 1977	310 mph 499 km/h	22,030 ft 6,715 m	Joe Engle, Richard Truly	62 min 0 sec	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Captive-Active Flight #3	July 26, 1977	311 mph 501 km/h	30,292 ft 9,233 m	Fred Haise, Gordon Fullerton	59 min 53 sec	Tailcone on, landed with 747
Free Flight #1	August 12, 1977	310 mph 499 km/h	24,100 ft 7,346 m	Fred Haise, Gordon Fullerton	5 min 21 sec	Tailcone on, lakebed landing
Free Flight #2	September 13, 1977	310 mph 499 km/h	26,000 ft 7,925 m	Joe Engle, Richard Truly	5 min 28 sec	Tailcone on, lakebed landing
Free Flight #3	September 23, 1977	290 mph 467 km/h	24,700 ft 7,529 m	Fred Haise, Gordon Fullerton	5 min 34 sec	Tailcone on, lakebed landing
Free Flight #4	October 12, 1977	278 mph 447 km/h	22,400 ft 6,828 m	Joe Engle, Richard Truly	2 min 34 sec	Tailcone off, lakebed landing
Free Flight #5	October 26, 1977	283 mph 456 km/h	19,000 ft 5,791 m	Fred Haise, Gordon Fullerton	2 min 1 sec	Tailcone off, runway landing

• Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (747) Crew For All Tests:
  • Fitzhugh L. Fulton, Jr., Pilot
  • Thomas C. McMurtry, Pilot
  • Louis E. Guidry, Jr., Flight Engineer
  • Victor W. Horton, Flight Engineer

Related articles

• Shuttle Buran
• List of space shuttle missions

External links

• Orbiter Vehicles
• Shuttle Orbiter Enterprise (OV-101)