Tamba (丹波国; -no kuni) was an old province of Japan that included both the central part of modern Kyoto prefecture and the east-central part of Hyogo Prefecture. Tamba bordered on Harima, Omi, Settsu, Tajima, Tango, Wakasa, and Yamashiro provinces.

The ancient provincial capital is believed to be in the area of modern Kameoka. Ruled by a succession of minor daimyo, the region was conquered by Oda Nobunaga and assigned to his general Akechi Mitsuhide (who later assassinated him).