The Treaty of London, agreed in 1700 and sometimes known as the Second Partition Treaty, was an attempt to restore the Pragmatic Sanction following the death of Duke Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, which had undermined the First Partition Treaty (the Treaty of the Hague, 1698 ).

It was proposed that the Louis, the Grand Dauphin would get Naples, Sicily, and Tuscany; Karl of Bavaria would get Spain, the Low Countries and the Indies, and Leopold, the duke of Lorraine, would take Milan, in turn ceding Lorraine and Bar to the dauphin.

King Charles II of Spain refused this arrangement, as it would divide the Spanish Empire, and by his will left all his possessions to the dauphin's second son, Philip, the duke of Anjou. On his death, King Louis XIV of France renounced the treaty, the will was contested (by force), and a long and costly war involving all of Europe, the War of the Spanish Succession was begun in 1701.